What organ produces hormones that regulate blood sugar metabolism?

The pancreas is the organ responsible for producing hormones that regulate blood sugar metabolism. It plays a critical role in the body's endocrine system by secreting insulin and glucagon, both of which are vital for maintaining normal blood glucose levels.

Insulin is released when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells for energy or storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissues. Conversely, glucagon is secreted when blood sugar levels drop, prompting the liver to release stored glucose back into the bloodstream. This dynamic balance between insulin and glucagon secretion ensures that the body's metabolism remains stable and that energy is available when needed.

The liver, while involved in glucose metabolism by storing glycogen and releasing glucose, does not directly produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. The spleen and gallbladder do not have significant roles in blood sugar regulation or hormone production. Thus, the pancreas is the key organ in this regulatory process, making it the correct answer.